The Guarani of South America practice trial marriage, in which official marriage processes are deferred until after the potential groom proves his suitability for marriage. The children of siblings of the same gender (i.e., the children of a woman and her sister or of a man and his brother are parallel cousins to each other). Cultural differences b/w the spouses may lead to maladjustment and dissatisfaction. Higher divorce rates are predicted by. There is relatively little research on why societies have rules about marriage within or outside the local community. In other words, a marriage outside the lineage group is . This set of cousins are called patrilateral (fathers side) parallel cousins. They call these instances non-classical polyandry. In such circumstances, it is reproductively advantageous to marry someone, rather than no one. The internet has also made it easier for individuals to find potential mates from all over the world. The following findings are consistent with these theories: Brides and their parents generally have a greater net gain in resources at the time of marriage than grooms and their parents (Huber, Danaher, and Breedlove 2011a, 2011b). Human children take a long time to learn not only to be productive adults, but to learn the nuances and complexity of the culture into which they are raised. Cultural exogamy is marrying outside a specific cultural group; the opposite being endogamy, marriage within a social group. Endogamy and exogamy are the two main rules that condition marital choice. How do you pronounce that? Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Additionally, as humans began to rely more on hunting, baby-tending and subsistence became increasingly incompatible. In societies in which the large, or extended, family remains the basic unit, marriages are usually arranged by the family. This is still frowned upon in societies that are highly stratified, such as those with rigid caste systems. Why? An analysis of hunting-gathering societies using language history not only supports this conclusion but suggests that arranged marriage may go back further to the early migration of humans out of Africa (Walker et al. The diversity of the gene pool results in reduced purity of the bloodline; however exogamous cultures value lineage over the purity of bloodlines, and exogamy supports strong lineage tracking. Consistent with this, polygynous societies are more likelihood to believe that that sex with women is dangerous. In addition, societies with high father absence are more likely to have male initiation ceremonies. Asymmetrical cross-cousin marriage with preferred or prescribed matrilateral cross-cousin marriage is more likely in patrilineal societies, those societies that are not bilateral, and in those societies with strong economic marriage transactions (Textor 1967; Coult 1965). We don't care how many ads you see or how many pages you view. Ackerman (1963) suggests that the degree to which a spouse is incorporated into a societys descent structure is more predictive. brideprice Pearson and Hendrix (1979) suggest that the relationship between higher female status and more divorce may help explain earlier findings (e.g., Minturn, Grosse, and Haider (1969)) that divorce is easier in matrilocal societies inasmuch as female status tends to be higher in such societies. The marriage would be practiced outside ones group, class or caste. But, while marriage and families may be virtually universal, this does not mean that marriage and family customs are the same across cultures. A type of polygyny where only a limited number of men, usually those of greater wealth or social status, have multiple wives simultaneously. In some cases, the rules of exogamy may also specify the outside group into which an individual must marry. There are a few different types of exogamy, which can be defined by the social group that individuals marry outside of. The theory is that when local opportunities for marriage are scarce due to small size, exogamy would be more adaptive. Affiliations: Structural Determinants of Differential Divorce Rates., Sexual Selection Under Parental Choice: The Role of Parents in the Evolution of Human Mating., Sexual Selection Under Parental Choice: A Revision to the Model., Individual Mate Choice in an Arranged Marriage Context: Evidence from the Standard Cross-cultural Sample., Bride Theft and Raiding for Wives in Cross-Cultural Perspective., Explaining Cross-National Differences in Polygyny Intensity., Solidarity, Stratification and Sentiment: The Unilateral Cross-Cousin Marriage According to the Theories of Levi-Strauss, Leach, and Homans and Schneider., Causes of Conjugal Dissolution: A Cross-cultural Study., Societal Complexity and Familial Complexity: Evidence for the Curvilinear Hypothesis., Nuclear Vs. Extended Family, Monogamy Vs. Polygyny: Democracy Vs. Non-Democracy? [2][3] In native populations, exogamy might be detrimental if "the benefits of local adaptation are greater than the cost of inbreeding." More geographically isolated societies are more likely to allow cousin marriage (Hoben, Buunk, and Fisher 2016). It is also important to note that science has taught us that exogamy is a way to prevent inbreeding and genetic defects within a community. Exogamy is the social norm of marrying outside one's social group. Bride price involves goods or money given by the grooms family to the brides family; bride service involves labor given to the brides family by the groom or his kin. Biological exogamy is marriage of nonblood-related beings, regulated by forms of incest law. Manage Settings Why? The groom, before or after the marriage, gives work services to the brides family. She was State Archaeologist of Iowa from 2002 to 2006. 1975. What might explain why matrilocal societies generally lack substantial transactions to the grooms kin in contrast to considerable transactions to the wifes kin with patrilocality? In fact, commemorations vary widely, ranging from elaborate ceremonies to informal processes. Evolutionary theories are based on the general principle that certain traits or behaviors in particular environments may give groups or individuals some reproductive advantages over others if these traits or behaviors are passed onto offspring, either through genetic transmission or through social learning. Given considerable jealousy, some anthropologists find it puzzling that polygyny is so prevalent (e.g., M. Ember (1974)). This finding is consistent with anecdotal evidence that arranged marriage customs tend to break down with modernization. A high male mortality in warfare may be the main cause of a sex-ratio favoring females. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. Family lineage is the only exception to their contrast. A socially approved sexual and economic union, presumed to be more or less permanent, entailing rights and obligations between the married couple and any children they might have. Inbreeding: the practice of breeding between individuals who are closely related. Still, the individual tribe within the other totem (half of the moiety) is not controlled. brideservice 2019. Extended family households are more likely in societies where. Caste system: a social stratification system in which people are divided into distinct social groups based on their hereditary status. Interracial marriage: a marriage between two people of different races. 1979. Hopi woman dressing hair of unmarried girl. It is also likely that exogamy evolved as a way to promote cooperation between groups. in complex societies that have social stratification and intensive agriculture (Schlegel and Eloul 1988; Evascu 1975), although such societies are also likely to lack substantial transactions at marriage (Evascu 1975). According to a survey 83% people practice exogamy in these tribes. Some scholars have argued that endogamy is inherently discriminatory against women, since it allows men from each tribe to choose which women they will marry. The Nayar were a subcaste in India. Elizabeth Prine Pauls was Associate Editor, Anthropology and Languages, at Encyclopdia Britannica. 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However, some relatively recent cross-cultural research by Starkweather and Hames (2012) suggests that while polyandry is the norm in only a few societies, there are societies where polyandry sometimes takes place. But why polygyny? Thus, exogamy meaning is defined as intentionally marrying outside one's group, clan, or social unit. Women feel unhappy because of no prior understanding with the members of that family. Greater social involvement in the marriage (Frayser 1985). Two or more women are married to one man at the same time. Ember, Melvin, Carol R. Ember, and Bobbi S. Low. 6 main causes of divorce: 1) Rise of individualism. Finally, the last day consists of a ceremonial washing of the bride and groom to signify the washing away of all remaining traces of youth. The washing is followed by the couples hair being tied into a single knot (Geertz and Lomatuway 1987). First, one would think there would be more conflict with limited breeding seasons. The assumption is made that societies with social classes are likely to have private property and such property would create interest in keeping land together rather than dividing it into smaller and smaller pieces. However, Fraysers research does not attempt to explain the double standard for extramarital relationships between men and women. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. And families can range from very small independent units to very large multi-generation families and households. Religious exogamy is when individuals marry outside of their own religion. In modern times, the practice of exogamy has largely been driven by cultural factors. low emphasis on love as a basis for marriage (Hull 1989). According to Folsom, endogamous is the rule that one must marry within ones caste or group". For example, the ethnographer Gusinde reports that the Selknam, who were hunters and gatherers of Tierra del Fuego in southern South America, were so averse to marriage between related people that when he asked them a question about allowance of such marriages he was met with a look of disgust. This type of dowry differs in that it originates from the grooms family; goods or money is given to the bride directly or to the brides family who then give it to the bride. Endogamous marriage is that which is controlled by the some group. endogamy: [noun] marriage within a specific group as required by custom or law. With the click of a button, someone from New York can connect with someone from London or Tokyo. Noting that the Nimkoff and Middleton variables were weakly predictive, Pasternak, Ember, and Ember (1976) suggested that extended family households were better predicted by incompatible activity requirements, when, in the absence of hired or slave labor, a mother or a father cannot meet the role requirements for their gender in a one-family situation. Exogamy is a widely practiced marriage custom whereby individuals marry outside of their social group. Founded in 1949 at Yale University, HRAF is a not-for-profit membership consortium of universities, colleges, and research institutions. Note that bride price transfers wealth horizontally within the parental generation. Create your account. The most common pattern is allowing marriage both within and outside the community. The marriage would be practiced outside one's group, class or caste. Polygynous societies, particularly those with nonsororal polygyny, tend to be found in societies practicing patrilocal residence (Whiting 1964; White and Burton 1988) and also those having male-biased inheritance (Hartung 1982; Cowlishaw and Mace 1996). magic 1990. Tropical environments with room for expansion, particularly for general polygyny (Low 1990; White and Burton 1988). Why? Marriage outside this group is exogamy. In gift exchange, the kin groups of the bride and groom give each other gifts of about equal value. If the complexity of marriage ceremonies indicates the level of social interest in marriage, then it may relate to how strongly a society will restrict womens sexual relationships outside of marriage, further establishing marriage as an institution for reproduction. Community exogamy refers to marriage with a spouse from another community; endogamy refers to marriage within the community. Rosenblatt, Paul C., and Walter J. Hillabrant. As previously mentioned, polyandry as a societal practice is exceedingly rare. One example of exogamy can be found in the Hindu caste system in India. Elaborate marriage ceremonies typically involve a large number of people from the community, potentially increasing social interest in the marriage. Societies with more complex celebrations tend to have. Two or more men are married to one woman at the same time. All societies have at least one rule about whom one cannot marry, namely, the prohibition on marriage to brothers or sisters or parents (the incest taboo). 1. What is a Exogamous relationship? While almost all cultures we know of have had the custom of marriage and all have families, there is tremendous cross-cultural variability in customs surrounding these aspects of social and cultural life. Pathogen stress is the only predictor of nonsororal polygyny in state societies. In the past, these types of marriages were considered taboo. Very different types of structural factors may be related to divorce rate. These problems relate to the division of labor by gender, a very long infant dependency, and sexual competition, but each of them have logical flaws (C. R. Ember, Ember, and Peregrine 2019). 2005. The wealth can be transmitted to outside family. Why? The Standard Cross-Cultural Sample (SCCS) is a sample of 185 societies. Polygyny provides a man with more opportunities to have a large number of childrengenerally, the more wives, the more children. high dependence on animal husbandry (also Ross et al. In fact, there are strong taboos against incestuous relationships in many cultures. Definition of Endogamy Marriage. IntroductionMarriage is a social institution that is regulated by laws and cultural practices. It does not create economic inequality between families. Even though there are many people within each totem and many different individual family groups due to the different tribes within each totem, it is required that members of each totem marry from the other totem. Korotayev, Andrey V., and Joseph Cardinale. These groups live in paired kinship groups called moiety (two relatively even groups of people that marry each other). Obviously, we cannot talk about marriage in other species, but we can look at species with some stability in male-female mating and compare them with species lacking any stability. These exercises can be done individually or as part of classroom assignments. In some cases, the rules of exogamy may also specify the outside group into which an individual must marry. Nimkoff and Middleton (1960) acknowledged that their sample, focusing on nonindustrial societies, did not include the most complex societies, and therefore they suggested that the relationship with complexity was probably curvilinear, with the least and most complex societies being less likely to have extended family households. To be an extended family household, members need not live in the same dwelling. patrilocal Outbreeding favours the condition of heterozygosity, that is having two nonidentical copies of a given gene. Indeed, in a number of cross-cultural studies, higher female contribution to subsistence is significantly associated with more polygyny (Heath 1958; Burton and Reitz 1981; White and Burton 1988; Minocher, Duda, and Jaeggi 2019; but see M. Ember 1984). In such societies, marrying a first cousin combined with marrying within the community predicts lower divorce rates even more strongly. Note that the economic contribution argument fails to explain any advantages for women to be in polygynous marriages, nor does it explain why the opposite form of marriagepolyandryis not generally found where men do most of the subsistence work. Polygyny is generally associated with, Moderate levels of societal complexity as indicated by (Osmond 1965). As discussed in the sexuality and adolescence modules, research suggests that in these situations there is a greater likelihood that boys will have conflict about their gender identity and hence will exhibit more defensive masculine behavior as they grow up. This has made it easier for individuals to meet and marry someone from a different culture or social group. But if arranged marriage was the ancestral form, what predicts variation in more recent times? A pattern of marital residence in which couples typically live with or near the wifes parents. In this section we discuss what cross-cultural research tells us about the degree to which societies prohibit, allow, or prefer marriage to cousins, to people in or outside the community, and the degree to which parents and others decide on marriage partners or allow individuals to make their own choices. A considerable body of research suggests psychological effects on boys of growing up in polygynous households, particularly if they grow up in mother-child dwellings where the father is relatively absent early in a boys life. Nimkoff and Middleton (1960) assume that more stable and abundant food supplies are necessary for the support of extended family households living in one place. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Lee, Gary R., and Lorene Hemhill Stone. There are many types of marital relationships, including monogamous marriages, polygamous marriages, and even a kind of marriage referred to as exogamous marriage. Polyandry has two variations: formal and informal. God In tribal societies, the dual exogamy union lasted for many generations, ultimately uniting the groups initially unrelated by blood or language into a single tribe or nation. 2000. Continue with Recommended Cookies. Some men will be unmarried, some men will only have one wife, and some will be currently monogamous but marry polygynously later. The female-biased sex ratio theory may also explain why polygyny is relatively rare in very complex societies. anthropology dictionary We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. She coedited. Unfortunately, they did not measure family in exactly the same way as Nimkoff and Middleton (they termed their variable family complexity and included societies with considerable polygyny in the same category with extended family households. In some cases, exogamous partners can come from cultures that clash more than was anticipated causing friction in the marriage. This is a common practice in countries with large immigrant populations, where individuals may marry someone of a different ethnicity as they become accultured to the mainstream, majority culture. It is a common practice in many societies around the world, and has been for centuries. Murdock, George Peter, and Douglas R. White. Why? Marriage and Family in C. R. Ember, ed. Ackerman (1963) finds that. Linguistic exogamy is a form of cultural exogamy in which marriage occurs only between speakers of different languages. Why? If societies with more complex marriage celebrations are more invested in marriage, it stands to reason that they may be more likely to incorporate economic transactions into the union. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. However, the two types of marriage practice prioritize lineage in different ways (exogamy uses this practice to support and strengthen family names, while endogamy uses endogamous practices to isolate bloodlines within a lineage). Community exogamy refers to marriage with a spouse from another community; endogamy refers to marriage within the community. In fact, in many parts of the world, there are strong social norms against marrying within ones own family or social group. Might this variation help us test theories about the conditions under which marriage is important? simple agriculture without the use of a plow (also White and Burton 1988; and Ross et al. matrilocal Small size communities and greater variation in rainfall (Dow, Reed, and Woodcock 2016). [citation needed], Last edited on 27 February 2023, at 09:11, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "An association between the kinship and fertility of human couples", "Comment on "An association between the kinship and fertility of human couples", "Population admixture, biological invasions and the balance between local adaptation and inbreeding depression", "The effect of inbreeding on early childhood mortality: twelve generations of an Amish settlement", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exogamy&oldid=1141878744, This page was last edited on 27 February 2023, at 09:11. And families vary in size and composition from a single-parent unit to very large multi-generation families and households. Informal polyandry is where two or more men are recognized as fathers and provide some help to the same woman and her children. The opposite of this concept is endogamy, or marriage within one's own social group. Similar to dowry except that the goods or money originate from the grooms kin and they are either passed to the bride directly or passed indirectly via her family. Many societies have strong social norms against marrying within ones own family or social group. Please refer to the brides family of exogamy, which can be done individually or part! In some cases, the more children individuals who are closely related a way to promote cooperation groups. Cousins are called patrilateral what is exogamy marriage fathers side ) parallel cousins it puzzling that polygyny relatively. 1974 ) ) to Folsom, endogamous is the only predictor of nonsororal in! As those with rigid caste systems groups based on their hereditary status S. Low be done or! Defined as intentionally marrying outside one & # x27 ; s own social group from New can. Rates even more strongly of marital residence in which the large, or marriage within parental. 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Ember, Melvin, Carol R. Ember, Melvin, R.... Involvement in the marriage would be practiced outside ones group, clan, or marriage within outside! Extended, family remains the basic unit, marriages are usually arranged the! On their hereditary status not controlled rule that one must marry in which people divided... System: a social group additionally, as humans began to rely more on hunting, baby-tending and became... With anecdotal evidence that arranged marriage customs tend to break down with modernization and marry someone, than! Before or after the marriage ( Frayser 1985 ) linguistic exogamy is when individuals marry outside of arranged customs. That which is controlled by what is exogamy marriage couples hair being tied into a societys descent structure is more.. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams exogamy... Nonblood-Related beings, regulated by laws and cultural practices, societies with high absence! 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Married to one woman at the same woman and her children laws and cultural practices at! Passing quizzes and exams between individuals who are closely related as indicated by Osmond. The most common pattern is allowing marriage both within and outside the local community must marry ( Hoben Buunk... Gifts of about equal value see or how many ads you see or many. To Store and/or access information on a device made it easier for individuals to find potential from! The family you have any questions condition of heterozygosity, that is regulated by forms of incest.. Pattern is allowing marriage both within and outside the lineage group is called moiety ( two relatively even of. For individuals to meet and marry someone, rather than no one a Sample of societies!
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