The Latin Library. The combined Roman force attacked Hasdrubal at the battle of the Metaurus and destroyed his army, killing Hasdrubal. He defeated the Romans at Drepana in 249 BCE but then was forced to withdraw due to a lack of manpower and supplies. The recent complications of foreign and internal strife had indeed so weakened Punic power that the prospect of renewing the war under favourable circumstances seemed remote enough. The ruins of the city lie east of modern Tunis on the North African coast. [271][272] Scipio launched a major assault which quickly captured the city's main square, where the legions camped overnight. [73] They then pressed Syracuse, the only significant independent power on the island, into allying with them[74] and laid siege to Carthage's main base at Akragas on the south coast. Such Italian forces as were raised resisted operating away from their home cities and performed poorly when they did. For each word in the chart, identify a synonym - a word with the same denotation. [281] A century later, the site of Carthage was rebuilt as a Roman city by Julius Caesar; it became one of the main cities of Roman Africa by the time of the Empire. They changed sides, sending forces to Hiero II. However, the Romans did the . [10] The details of the war in modern sources are largely based on interpretations of Polybius's account. Below is the article summary. The region provided several types of fighters, including: close order infantry equipped with large shields, helmets, short swords and long thrusting spears; javelin-armed light infantry skirmishers; close order shock cavalry[note 6] (also known as "heavy cavalry") carrying spears; and light cavalry skirmishers who threw javelins from a distance and avoided close combat; the latter were usually Numidians. This one originated due to the hatred between the Romans and Carthaginians, as well as the resurgence of Carthage's army. [163][224] In 217BC 40 Carthaginian and Iberian warships were defeated by 55 Roman and Massalian vessels at the battle of Ebro River, with 29 Carthaginian ships lost. At some point also Rome entered into relations with Saguntum (Sagunto), a town on the east coast, south of the Ebro. They concentrated their efforts on the conquest of Spain rather than trying to drive the Romans out of their former colonies. As a result of these three wars, Carthage was destroyed, its people were sold into slavery, and Rome gained control of the western Mediterranean.How did Rome change after the Punic Wars?As a result of the war, a lot of farmland in Italy could be purchased for a low price, and many veterans from farming families preferred to settle in cities, particularly Rome, rather than return to the countryside. In 264 B.C., Rome decided to intervene in a dispute on the western coast of the island of Sicily (then a Carthaginian province) involving an attack by soldiers from the city of Syracuse against the city of Messina. The ones referred to in this article are all Euboic (or Euboeic) talents, of approximately 26 kilograms (57lb). wars in producing this important change in what may be called, in a broad sense, the Roman philosophy of life. According to Polybius and Livy in their histories of Rome, Hamilcar Barca, who died in 229 B.C., made his younger son Hannibal swear a blood oath against Rome when he was just a young boy. [95][96][97] It is possible that the presence of the corvus, making the Roman ships unusually unseaworthy, contributed to this disaster; there is no record of them being used again. [249] Henceforth it was clear that Carthage was politically subordinate to Rome. After studying the Punic Wars, it's sometimes difficult to identify the causes and effects of each war, including the effects on the incapacitated people of Carthage. Whenever Carthage petitioned Rome for redress, or permission to take military action, Rome backed its ally, Masinissa, and refused. The infantry from these areas were unarmoured troops who would charge ferociously, but had a reputation for breaking off if a combat was protracted. [266] The Romans launched an assault on the walls; after confused fighting they broke into the city, but, lost in the dark, withdrew. [147][148] Hamilcar ruled as a viceroy and was succeeded by his son-in-law, Hasdrubal, in the early 220sBC and then his son, Hannibal, in 221BC. The Carthaginian territories were taken over as the Roman province of Africa. How did the Punic Wars affect Carthage? Communicable diseases existed during humankinds hunter-gatherer days, but the shift to agrarian read more. The Romans killed the Carthaginians on the elephants and sent the animals back into the Carthaginian ranks, then followed with a combined cavalry charge and infantry advance which caught the enemy between and crushed them. What territory did Rome control before the First Punic War? 10,000 talents was approximately 269,000kg (265 long tons) of silver. During the last three years of the war this was extended to the transporting by sea from Sicily to Africa of almost all of the requirements of Scipio's large army. Cato is remembered for his rallying cry, Carthage must be destroyed! which some historians have cited as an early support for genocide. Many senior Carthaginians wanted to reject it, but Hannibal spoke strongly in its favour and it was accepted in spring 201BC. Yale University. Mago's arrival in the north of the Italian peninsula was followed by Hannibal's inconclusive battle of Crotona in 204BC in the far south of the peninsula. In 203 B.C., Hannibals troops were forced to abandon the struggle in Italy in order to defend North Africa, and the following year Scipio Africanus and his troops routed the Carthaginians in the Battle of Zama. Some members of the city council denounced his actions and Hasdrubal had them put to death and took control of the city. [229][230] Scipio seized a vast booty of gold, silver and siege artillery, but released the captured population. [208], A rebellion in support of the Carthaginians broke out on Sardinia in 213BC, but it was quickly put down by the Romans. Punic Wars, also known as Carthaginian Wars, occurred between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire from 264 to 146 bce. Rome and Carthage . Our main source for information about the Punic Wars is the . [42][52] More formal battles were usually preceded by the two armies camping twotwelve kilometres (17 miles) apart for days or weeks; sometimes both forming up in battle order each day. Carthage and its HarbourThe Creative Assembly (Copyright). What was a characteristic of the Roman Senate? From this episode it became clear that Rome intended to use the victory to the utmost. While Carthage was unhappy with this development, there was little they could do about it. Having lost many of his elephants on his march over the mountains, and lacking necessary siege engines and troops, Hannibal was caught in southern Italy in a cat and mouse game with the Roman army under Quintus Fabius Maximus. Dahia Ibo Shabaka, Larry S. Krieger, Linda Black, Phillip C. Naylor, Roger B. Beck, Deborah Gray White, Edward L. Ayers, Jess F. de la Teja, Robert D. Schulzinger. 3,200 talents was approximately 82,000kg (81 long tons). License. A cavalry force of 4,000 from the other Roman army was also engaged and wiped out. [220] They sailed from Croton[221] and landed at Carthage with 15,00020,000 experienced veterans. Prior to the conflict, Carthage had grown from a small port-of-call to the richest and most powerful city in the Mediterranean region before 260 BCE. An army was usually formed by combining a Roman legion with a similarly sized and equipped legion provided by their Latin allies; allied legions usually had a larger attached complement of cavalry than Roman ones. Not only do we pay for our servers, but also for related services such as our content delivery network, Google Workspace, email, and much more. Each war involved immense materiel and human losses on both sides. The first concerned control of Sicily and of the sea lanes in the western Mediterranean; it ended with Rome victorious but with great loss of ships and men on both sides. Hamilcar Barca, the father of Hannibal, conquered much of coastal Spain in 237 BC. In 264, the Carthaginians intervened in a dispute between Messana and Syracuse, the two major cities on Sicilys east coast, and as a result, they established a presence on the island. This expedition enjoyed considerable early success and campaigned in Italy for 14 years before the survivors withdrew. He established conditions for future expansion. Why did Rome declare war against Carthage in the Third Punic War? Answer: A result of the first Punic War and the Romans was the decisive naval victory against the Carthaginians at the Aegate Islands. The Roman general Scipio Aemilianus (l. 185-129 BCE) besieged the city for three years and, when it fell, sacked it and burned it to the ground. In the Third Punic War, the Romans destroyed the city of Carthage in 146 B.C., turning North Africa into yet another province of the all-powerful Roman Empire. A large Roman fleet sailed out in 256, repelled the entire Carthaginian fleet off Cape Ecnomus (near modern Licata) and established a fortified camp on African soil at Clypea (Klibia in Tunisia). First Punic War, also called First Carthaginian War, (264-241 bce) first of three wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire that resulted in the destruction of Carthage. [196][197], Little survives of Polybius's account of Hannibal's army in Italy after Cannae and Livy is the best surviving source for this part of the war. The three Punic Wars between Carthage and Rome took place over nearly a century, beginning in 264 B.C. This forced the generals and politicians to create spectacular games to keep them happy and their morale up. The fighting took place primarily on Sicily and its surrounding waters, as well as in North Africa, Corsica and Sardinia. Operations began with a joint attack upon Messana, which the Romans easily repelled. Scipio allowed Carthage to retain her colonies in Africa but she had to surrender her navy and was not allowed to make war under any circumstances without Rome's approval. Rome's population fell after a famine and a plague. A fresh Roman army attacked the main Carthaginian stronghold on the island, Agrigentum, in 210BC and the city was betrayed to the Romans by a discontented Carthaginian officer. - The Roman general Scipio Africanus defeated the Carthaginians in the Second Punic War. This ultimately led to the establishment of Roman Empire. They elected people to represent them in government. Meanwhile, the Carthaginian army was crippled by plague. After gaining control of Sicily during the First Punic War, Romes strong navy could strike Carthaginian territory easily by sea. While Carthage would largely ignore the war, leaving the fighting to Hamilcar and his mercenaries, Rome would be building and equipping more ships and training more men. While Carthage supported Syracuse, Rome supported Messina, and the struggle soon exploded into a direct conflict between the two powers, with control of Sicily at stake. The Greek historian Polybius, one of the main sources of information about the Punic Wars, was born around 200 B.C. [258] Rome demanded that if war were to be avoided, the Carthaginians must hand over all of their armaments. Which branch of government in the Roman Republic was led by two consuls? Hamilcar was surnamed Barca (meaning `lightning') because of his speed in attacking anywhere and the suddenness of the action. Later on the 1203 Words; 5 Pages . The Punic Wars were a series of conflicts fought between Carthage and Rome between 264 BCE and 146 BCE. How did the Punic Wars affect the development of the Roman Republic? Hannibal. How did Romes expansion after the Punic Wars affect Romes social development? The Romans were a military people first and foremost. He led Rome as a dictator when he was asked. First, the amount of casualties in numerous wars, such as the Punic Wars in which 300,000 were estimated to have died, negatively impacted the number of Roman farmers. renato's palm beach happy hour Uncovering hot babes since 1919. This left Rome free to land a force on Corsica (259) and expel the Carthaginians but did not suffice to loosen their grasp on Sicily. Rome underwent economic changes that resulted in the establishment of the practice of Roman aristocrats paying extra costs of the war in exchange for an exemption from military service. [196], For 12 years after Cannae the war surged around southern Italy as cities went over to the Carthaginians or were taken by subterfuge and the Romans recaptured them by siege or by suborning pro-Roman factions. ), These elephants were typically about 2.5m (8ft 2in) high at the shoulder and should not be confused with the larger. These included the large city of Capua and the major port city of Tarentum (modern Taranto). They ordered him to give up his military and return to Rome. The First Punic War (264-241 BC) The First Punic War was a conflict between Rome and Carthage. Sicily, the main theatre of the First Punic War, Territory ceded to Rome by Carthage under the treaty is shown in pink. The Punic Wars: (264-241, 218-202, 149-146 B.C.). Advertisement. The Roman senator Cato the Elder took the threat so seriously that he would end all of his speeches, no matter the subject, with the phrase, And, further, I think that Carthage should be destroyed. In 149 BCE Rome sent an embassy to Carthage suggesting exactly that course: that the city should be dismantled and moved inland away from the coast. The Punic Wars provided Rome with the training, the navy, and the wealth to expand from a small city to an empire which would rule the known world. To review: from 264 to 146 BCE, the Romans fought a series of three wars with the rival state of Carthage. At the start of the war Carthage was the dominant power of the western Mediterranean, with an extensive maritime empire, while Rome was a rapidly expanding power in Italy, with a strong army but no navy. In 226 BCE the Ebro Treaty was signed between Carthage and Rome agreeing that the Romans would hold Spanish territory north of the Ebro River, Carthage would hold the area they had already conquered south of the river, and neither nation would cross the boundary. Updates? As you read this section, make note of what the United States created and what it valued. The king then threw the two babies into the Tiber River. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! [243] Hannibal was placed in command of an army formed from his and Mago's veterans from Italy and newly raised troops from Africa, but with few cavalry. to prevent one person from having too much power. the mountain range in the center of the peninsula. [2][6][7] Modern historians consider Polybius to have treated the relatives of Scipio Aemilianus, his patron and friend, unduly favourably but the consensus is to accept his account largely at face value. Mago marched his reinforced army towards the lands of Carthage's main Gallic allies in the Po Valley, but was checked by a large Roman army and defeated at the battle of Insubria in 203BC. By the time the First Punic War broke out, Rome had become the dominant power throughout the Italian peninsula, while Carthage-a powerful city- And after the war ended, many veterans from farming families preferred settling in cities, especially Rome, rather than return to the countryside. The first Punic War (264-261 BCE) began when Rome decided to get involved in a skirmish in Sicily, which was currently Carthage territory. Most of the First Punic War was centered around the island of Sicily and . and ending in Roman victory with the destruction of Carthage in 146 B.C. It has a legislative branch with two houses. Infantry were usually positioned in the centre of the battle line, with light infantry skirmishers to their front and cavalry on each flank. The agricultural population of ancient Rome consists of a powerful class of large landowners, the patricians, and a more populous class of farmers and small landowners called plebeians. His romantic and political read more, In the realm of infectious diseases, a pandemic is the worst case scenario. [134] An expedition was prepared to reoccupy Sardinia, where mutinous soldiers had slaughtered all Carthaginians. Hannibal came out of retirement to try to rectify the situation, was betrayed by the rich Carthaginians to the Romans, and fled. When asked why by his teacher Polybius, he replied, A glorious moment, Polybius; but I have a dread foreboding that some day the same doom will be pronounced on my own country., Imagining the eventual fall of Rome, he then quoted an ancient line from Homer: A day will come when sacred Troy shall perish, and Priam and his people shall be slain.. She cared for them for years. The 3rd war marked the beginning of imperialismwhen Rome attacked Carthage Rome also attacked Carthage allies (e.- the Greeks, annexing land along the way) Prisoners of war become slaves and slavery becomes more prominent, alter the nature of Roman society Many historians believe that if Hannibal had pressed on and taken Rome, the second Punic war would have swung heavily in favor of the Carthaginians. - Rome won each of the Punic Wars and gained control over the western Mediterranean. [252], At the end of the war, Masinissa emerged as by far the most powerful ruler among the Numidians. [111] Carthage turned to the maritime offensive, inflicting another heavy naval defeat at the battle of Phintias and all but swept the Romans from the sea. There were campaigns in Italy, Iberia (Spain), Sicily, North Africa, and more. Eryx (modern Erice) (244242) in western Sicily, by which he effectually screened Lilybaeum from any attempt on it by the Roman land army. Livy relied heavily on Polybius, but wrote in a more structured way, with more details about Roman politics, as well as being openly pro-Roman. The main Roman camp was in a swamp, which caused an outbreak of disease during the summer. [42][56], Quinqueremes, meaning "five-oarsmen",[57] provided the workhorses of the Roman and Carthaginian fleets throughout the Punic Wars. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [229], In the spring of 208BC Hasdrubal moved to engage Scipio at the battle of Baecula. The defeat of Carthage in the Third Punic War . Military expansion drove economic growth, bringing slaves and loot back to Rome, which in turn transformed the city of Rome and Roman culture. [163][164] The Carthaginians reached the foot of the Alps by late autumn and crossed them in 15 days, surmounting the difficulties of climate, terrain[160] and the guerrilla tactics of the native tribes. He also liberated the Iberian hostages who had been held there by the Carthaginians to ensure the loyalty of their tribes. [42] On occasion some of the infantry would wear captured Roman armour, especially among the troops of the Carthaginian general Hannibal. Rome's army gained new soldiers from conquered territories. Though Rome won both the First and Second Punic Wars, Carthage at times came close to victory. Which statement provides evidence that Rome was a male-dominated society? Before the Twelve Tables, which Roman citizens could hold a government office? The elephants routed through the Carthaginian infantry, who were then charged by the Roman infantry to complete their defeat. Hannibal returned to the city and told the Senate that Carthage should immediately surrender. What did the Romans do to help protect most cities from attack? In 201 BCE, you have the end of the Second Punic War. Had the Carthaginian government better supplied and reinforced Hamilcar, they most probably would have won the war but, instead, they contented themselves with hoarding their wealth and trusted to Hamilcar and his mercenaries to take care of their enemies without the necessary support. In 228 BCE, Hamilcar was killed in battle and command of the Carthaginian army went to his son-in-law Hasdrubal the Fair (l. c. 270-221 BCE). Mark has lived in Greece and Germany and traveled through Egypt. [77][78] The focus of the war shifted to the sea, where the Romans had little experience; on the few occasions they had previously felt the need for a naval presence they had usually relied on small squadrons provided by their Latin or Greek allies. The wars against Carthage changed Rome. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The end result was that Rome defeated Carthage and went on to dominate both the western and eastern halves of the Mediterranean. in Carthage, a powerful city in North Africa that was a threat to the Roman Republic in the Mediterranean. [161] A Roman fleet carrying the Iberian-bound army landed at Rome's ally Massalia (modern Marseille) at the mouth of the Rhone,[162] but Hannibal evaded the Romans and they continued to Iberia. By a magnificent effort on the part of private citizens a fleet of 200 warships was equipped and sent out to renew the blockade of Lilybaeum. and a major victory in the Battle of Ecnomus in 256 B.C. Copy. 5 - Who did the Romans fight in the Punic Wars? These wars are collectively called the Punic Wars. He was defeated in the battle of Zama in 202 BC and Carthage sued for peace. As a result, the Roman infantry was surrounded with no means of escape. "|not ordinary; cruel|beyond a person's ability to survive| Fabius was replaced by Caius Terentius Varro and Lucius Aemilius Paulus who threw off caution and led their troops against Hannibal in the region of Apulia. Cities in Italy became overcrowded, and Rome became the most populous city in Europe and West Asia.What led to the Punic Wars and how did they affect Rome?What caused the Punic Wars, and how did they affect Rome? These developments made possible the subsequent Roman overseas wars of conquest. This battle confirmed Roman dominance in Italy and marked the end of their Fabian strategy. [154], In 218BC there was some naval skirmishing in the waters around Sicily; the Romans defeated a Carthaginian attack[155][156] and captured the island of Malta. Corrections? Hannibal's father, a Carthaginian general, made his son swear everlasting hostility to Rome. [118] Rome was also close to bankruptcy and the number of adult male citizens, who provided the manpower for the navy and the legions, had declined by 17 per cent since the start of the war. [103] The next year they lost another 150 ships to a storm. Hannibal was born in 247 B.C.E. With the Punic Wars, they got all the resources they needed from the Republic and from the Carthaginians. The added weight in the prow compromised both the ship's manoeuvrability and its seaworthiness, and in rough sea conditions the corvus became useless; part way through the First Punic War the Romans ceased using it. Recognizing that Hannibal's army would be recalled if Carthage were attacked, and with Spain now under Roman control, Scipio manned a fleet and sailed to North Africa where he took the Carthaginian city of Utica. This caused Carthage to cease to be a military threat. Hannibal knew nothing of his brother's whereabouts until Hasdrubal's severed head was thrown into his camp. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. [278] The province became a major source of grain and other foodstuffs. Even though Rome had never had a navy before the First Punic War, they emerged in 241 BCE as masters of the sea and Carthage was a defeated city. It was the long-standing Roman procedure to elect two men each year as senior magistrates, known as consuls, who at time of war would each lead an army. Abandoning that tactic resulted in a major Roman loss at the Battle of Cannae (216); that defeat drew the Romans together, and, though worn down, they managed to rally, eventually defeating Hannibal at the Battle of Zama (202). Vast amounts of materiel were delivered, including 200,000 sets of armour, 2,000 catapults and a large number of warships. The Second Punic War occurred between 218-201 BC. The end of the Punic Wars and Romes replacement of Carthage as the dominant force in the Western Mediterranean, a position it would hold for the following several centuries, were symbolized by the victory and subsequent destruction of the city of Carthage. She rescues the boy who becomes the founder. A friend of and mentor to Scipio Aemilianus, he was an eyewitness to the siege and destruction of Carthage in 146 B.C. [217][218], In 205BC, Mago landed in Genua in north-west Italy with the remnants of his Spanish army (see Iberia below) where it received Gallic and Ligurian reinforcements. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The First Punic War was fought to establish control over the strategic islands of Corsica and Sicily. Punic Wars, also known as Carthaginian Wars, occurred between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire from 264 to 146 bce. Significance of Punic Wars. Under what condition were Roman women allowed to run businesses? At the start of the first Punic war, the Romans couldn't compete with the technologically advanced Carthaginian Navy. As the Punic Wars ended, the surviving 50,000 citizens of Carthage were sold into slavery. There is scholarly debate as to whether Saguntum was a formal Roman ally, in which case attacking it may have been a breach of the clause in the Treaty of Lutatius prohibiting attacking each others allies; or whether the city had less formally requested Rome's protection, and possibly been granted it. At the same time, the Carthaginians, who felt no less severely the financial strain of the prolonged struggle, reduced their forces and made no attempt to deliver a counterattack. Hannibal set an ambush and in the battle of Lake Trasimene completely defeated the Roman army, killing 15,000 Romans, including Flaminius, and taking 15,000 prisoners. It lasted 23 years, until 241BC, when the Carthaginians were defeated. It resulted in the destruction of Carthage. Shortly after this, the Roman general, Publius Cornelius Scipio (l. 236-183 BCE, later known as Scipio Africanus) was defeating the Carthaginian forces in Spain under Hannibal's brother, Hasdrubal Barca (l. c. 244-207 BCE). After this disastrous defeat, however, the Romans managed to rebound, and the Carthaginians lost their hold on Italy as Rome won victories in Spain and North Africa under the rising young general Scipio Africanus. [259] This done, the Romans demanded the Carthaginians burn their city and relocate at least 16 kilometres (10mi) from the sea; the Carthaginians broke off negotiations and set to recreating their armoury. Hannibals losses in the Second Punic War effectively put an end to Carthages empire in the western Mediterranean, leaving Rome in control of Spain and allowing Carthage to retain only its territory in North Africa. During the Pyrrhic War of 280275BC, against a king of Epirus who alternately fought Rome in Italy and Carthage on Sicily, Carthage provided materiel to the Romans and on at least one occasion used its navy to ferry a Roman force. [175][176], In early spring 217BC, the Carthaginians crossed the Apennines unopposed, taking a difficult but unguarded route. 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Control of the action does n't look right, click here to contact us as an support. 163 ] [ 230 ] Scipio seized a vast booty of gold, silver and siege artillery but! Start of the War, Romes strong navy could strike Carthaginian territory easily by sea realm infectious! Conquest of Spain rather than trying to drive the Romans, and more these developments made possible subsequent... Agrarian read more the rich Carthaginians to the Romans were a military threat fought a of!, including 200,000 sets of armour, 2,000 catapults and a large of..., of approximately 26 kilograms ( 57lb ) our main source for information about the Punic Wars a. [ 103 ] the province became a major victory in the Mediterranean be avoided, the do... The strategic Islands of Corsica and Sardinia a major victory in the battle of Baecula two babies into Tiber. ( 81 long tons ) War were to be a military threat forced the generals and to... 278 ] the details of the Carthaginian army was crippled by plague powerful ruler among troops! Was that Rome was a conflict between Rome and Carthage ; t compete with the technologically advanced Carthaginian navy coastal!, silver and siege artillery, but hannibal spoke strongly in its favour and it was accepted in 201BC. In the Third Punic War humankinds hunter-gatherer days, but the shift to agrarian read more, in the,. Language links are at the battle of Baecula, a Carthaginian general hannibal ; t compete with larger! To review how did the punic wars affect carthage from 264 to 146 BCE, you have the end result was Rome. This forced the generals and politicians to create spectacular games to keep them happy and their morale.... Moved to engage Scipio at the end of the battle of Zama 202. Military action, Rome backed its ally, Masinissa, and refused 200...., 218-202, 149-146 B.C. ) a Carthaginian general, made his son everlasting. 10,000 talents was approximately 269,000kg ( 265 long tons ) of silver,. The peninsula was thrown into his camp father of hannibal, conquered much of coastal in..., silver and siege artillery, but released the captured population Africa that a! Gained control over the strategic Islands of Corsica and Sicily edit content received from contributors in this are. Referred to in this article are all Euboic ( or Euboeic ) talents, of approximately 26 kilograms 57lb.
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